The aim of this study was the analysis of infection of winter wheat by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in field conditions and identification of the gene Pm2 using SSR markers. Winter wheat genotypes containing the resistance genes for leaf rust (Lr19 or Lr50) or containing semi-dwarfing genes (RhtB1, RhtD1 and Rht8) were examined. Field observations were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station Dłoń (51°41'23.835"N 17°4'1.414"E) in the years 2014–2016. The analyzed wheat genotypes showed varied resistance to powdery mildew under field conditions. To identify the gene Pm2 two markers were used: Xgwm205 and Xcfd81. As a result of the analysis of both markers specific products were observed in the 16 genotypes of wheat. Specific amplification products did not appear in the genotypes: Agatha, Klasic and Ludwig when Xcfd81 was used; and in 3 genotypes containing Lr19 when analysis were carried out with marker Xgwm205. The differences in results for a total of five cultivars may be linked to various allelic forms in a locus Pm2.

Celem pracy była polowa ocena porażenia pszenicy ozimej przez Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici oraz identyfikacja genu Pm2 za pomocą markerów SSR w tych materiałach. Jako materiał wykorzystano genotypy pszenicy ozimej zawierające geny odporności na rdzę brunatną (Lr19 lub Lr50) lub zawierające geny półkarłowatości (RhtB1, RhtD1 i Rht8). Obserwacje polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2014–2016 w Rolniczym Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym Dłoń (51°41'23.835"N 17°4'1.414"E). Analizowane genotypy pszenicy charakteryzowały się zróżnicowaną polową odpornością na mączniaka prawdziwego zbóż i traw. W wyniku analiz molekularnych specyficzne produkty amplifikacji dla Xgwm205 oraz Xcfd81 świadczące o obecności genu Pm2 zaobserwowano w 16 genotypach pszenicy ozimej. Specyficzne produkty amplifikacji nie pojawiły się w genotypach: Agatha, Klasic i Ludwig przy analizach przeprowadzonych w wykorzystaniem Xcfd81 oraz w 3 genotypach zawierających Lr19 dla markera Xgwm205. Różnice w wynikach dotyczące w sumie pięciu odmian są prawdopodobnie skutkiem występowania różnych form allelicznych w locus Pm2.

Bhullar N.K., Zhang Z.Q., Wicker T., Keller B. 2010. Wheat gene bank accessions as a source of new alleles of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3: a large scale allele mining project. BMC Plant Biology 10: 88. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-88.

Bougot Y., Lemoine J., Pavoine M.T., Barloy D., Doussinault G. 2002. Identification of a microsatellite associated with Pm3 resistance alleles to powdery mildew in wheat. Plant Breeding 121 (4): 325–329. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2002.736127.x.

Czajowski G., Czembor P. 2016. Chorobotwórczość Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici i Blumeria graminis f. sp. triticale sprawców mączniaka prawdziwego zbóż i traw na pszenicy i pszenżycie. [Pathogenicity of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and Blumeria graminis f. sp. triticale the causal agents of wheat and triticale powdery mildew]. Progress in Plant Protection 56 (3): 360–365. DOI: 10.14199/ppp-2016-058.

Hao Y., Liu A., Wang Y., Feng D., Gao J., Li X., Liu S., Wang H. 2008. Pm23: a new allele of Pm4 located on chromosome 2AL in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 117 (8): 1205–1212. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0827-y.

Huang X.Q., Hsam S.L.K., Mohler V., Röder M.S., Zeller F.J. 2004. Genetic mapping of three alleles at the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Genome 47 (6): 1130–1136. DOI: 10.1139/g04-079.

Huang X.Q., Wang L.X., Xu M.X., Röder M.S. 2003. Microsatellite mapping of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm5e in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 106 (5): 858–865. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-1146-3.

Huang J., Zhao Z.H., Song F.J., Wang X.M., Xu H.X., Huang Y., An D.G., Li H.J. 2012. Molecular detection of a gene effective against powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar Liangxing 66. Molecular Breeding 30 (4): 1737–1745. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-012-9757-0.

Langridge P., Lagudah E.S., Holton T.A., Appels R., Sharp P.J., Chalmers K.J. 2001. Trends in genetics and genome analyses in wheat: A review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52 (12): 1043–1077. DOI: 10.1071/AR01082.

Lu Y.Q., Wu X.Y., Yao M.M., Zhang J.P., Liu W.H., Yang X.M., Li X.Q., Du J., Gao A.N., Li L.H. 2015. Genetic mapping of a putative Agropyron cristatum-derived powdery mildew resistance gene by a combination of bulked segregant analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism array. Molecular Breeding 35: 96. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0292-7.

Ma H.Q., Kong Z.X., Fu B.S., Li N., Zhang L.X., Jia H.Y., Ma Z.Q. 2011. Identyfication and mapping of a new powdery mildew resistance gene on chromosome 6D of common wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 123: 1099–1106. DOI: 10.1007/s00122- -011-1651-3.

Ma Z.Q., Wei J.B., Chen S.H. 2004. PCR-based markers for the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm4a in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109 (1): 140–145. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1605-0.

Ma P.T., Xu H., Li L., Zhang H., Han G., Xu Y., Fu X., Zhang X., An D.G. 2016. Characterization of a new Pm2 allele conferring powdery mildew resistance in the wheat germplasm line FG-1. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 546. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00546.

Ma P.T., Xu H.X., Luo Q.L., Qie Y.M., Zhou Y.L., Xu Y.F., Han H., Li L.H. 2014. Inheritance and genetic mapping of a gene for seedling resistance to powdery mildew in wheat line X3986-2. Euphytica 200: 149–157. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817231.

Ma P.T., Xu H.X., Xu Y.F., Li L.H., Qie Y.M., Luo Q.L., Zhang X., Li X., Zhou Y., An D.G. 2015a. Molecular mapping of a new powdery mildew resistance gene Pm2b in Chinese breeding line KM2939. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128 (4): 613–622. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2457-5.

Ma P.T., Xu H.X., Zhang H.X., Li L.H., Xu Y.F., Zhang X.T., An D.G. 2015b. The gene PmWFJ is a new member of the complex Pm2 locus conferring unique powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding line Wanfengjian 34. Molecular Breeding 35: 210. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0403-5.

Ma P.T., Zhang H.X., Xu H.X., Xu Y.F., Cao Y.W., Zhang X.T., An D.G. 2015c. The gene PmYB confers broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance in the multi-allelic Pm2 chromosome region of the Chinese wheat cultivar YingBo 700. Molecular Breeding 35: 124. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0320-7.

McDonald B.A., Linde C. 2002. Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 40: 349–379. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120501.101443.

McIntosh R.A., Baker E.P. 1970. Cytogenetic studies in wheat iv. Chromosomal location and linkage studies involving the Pm2 locus for powdery mildew resistance. Euphytica 19 (1): 71–77. DOI: 10.1007/BF01904668.

Miranda L.M., Murphy J.P., Marshall D., Leath S. 2006. Pm34: a new powdery mildew resistance gene transferred from Aegilops tauschii Coss. to common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 113 (8): 1497–1504. DOI: 10.1007/ /s00122-006-0397-9.

Mohler V., Hsam S.L.K., Zeller F.J., Wenzel G. 2001. An STS marker distinguishing the rye-derived powdery mildew resistance alleles at the Pm8/Pm17 locus of common wheat. Plant Breeding 120 (5): 448–450. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00622.x.

Pietrusińska A., Czembor J.H. 2014. Struktura wirulencji populacji Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici występującej na terenie Polski w latach 2012–2013. [Virulence structure of the Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici population occurring in Poland across 2012–2013]. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin 274: 15–25.

Pietrusińska A., Czembor J.H. 2017. Piramidowanie genów odporności (Pm21 + Pm34) pszenicy ozimej na mączniaka prawdziwego zbóż i traw (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). [Pyramiding winter wheat resistance genes (Pm21 + Pm34) of powdery mildew of cereals and grasses (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)]. Progress in Plant Protection 57 (1): 41–46. DOI:10.14199/ppp-2017-006.

Singrün Ch., Hsam S.L.K., Hartl L., Zeller F.J., Mohler V. 2003. Powdery mildew resistance gene Pm22 in cultivar Virest is a member of the complex Pm1 locus in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 106 (8): 1420–1424. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-1187-7.

Song W., Sun H.G., Sun Y.L., Zhao Z.H., Wang X.M., Wu X.F., Li H.J. 2014. Chromosomal localization of the gene for resistance to powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar Wennong 14. Acta Agronomica Sinica 40 (5): 798–804. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006. .2014.00798.

Sun Y.L., Zou J.W., Sun H.G., Song W., Wang X.M., Li H.J. 2015. PmLX66 and PmW14: New alleles of Pm2 for resistance to powdery mildew in the Chinese winter wheat cultivars Liangxing 66 and Wennong 14. Plant Diseases 99 (8): 1118–1124. DOI: 10.1094/ /PDIS-10-14-1079-RE.

Xu H.X., Yi Y.J., Ma P.T., Qie Y.M., Fu X.Y., Xu Y.F., Zhang X.T., An D.G. 2015. Molecular tagging of a new broad-spectrum pow-dery mildew resistance allele Pm2c in Chinese wheat landrace Niaomai. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 128 (10): 2077–2084. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2568-z.

Yi Y.J., Liu H.Y., Haung X.Q., An L.Z., Wang F., Wang X.L. 2008. Development of molecular markers linked to the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm4b and marker validation for molecular breeding. Plant Breeding 127 (2): 116–120. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439- -0523.2007.01443.x.