Mikrobiom ziarna pszenicy ozimej został scharakteryzowany na podstawie wyników sekwencjonowania nowej generacji (NGS) regionów rybosomalnego DNA (rDNA). Uzyskane wyniki ujawniły znaczące różnice w składzie mikrobiomu w kolejnych latach badań. W latach 2020 i 2022 dominującymi gatunkami były Blumeria graminicola (40% i 70% zidentyfikowanych sekwencji), Alternaria infectoria (14% i 4%) oraz Mycosphaerella tassiana (12% i 8%). Natomiast w 2021 roku najczęściej wykrywanymi gatunkami były M. tassiana (20%), Sporo­bolomyces roseus (13%) i B. graminicola (11%). Analiza potwierdziła obecność grzybów z rodzaju Fusarium we wszystkich latach badań, przy czym udział procentowy ich sekwencji podlegał znacznym wahaniom – od 0,5% w 2020 roku do 5,5% w 2021 roku. Zidentyfikowa­no cztery gatunki: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides oraz F. culmorum. Udział grzybów drożdżoidalnych w całkowitej liczbie odczytanych sekwencji także zmieniał się na przestrzeni lat – w 2020 roku wynosił 20%, w 2021 roku wzrósł do 50%, a w 2022 roku spadł do 12%. Dominowały dwa gatunki: S. roseus oraz Vishniacozyma spp., w tym V. victoriae. Ponadto zidentyfikowano inne gatunki grzybów drożdżoidalnych, m.in. Filobasidium wieringae, Filobasidium stepposum, Dioszegia hungarica, Aureobasidium pullulans, Holtermaniella wattica, Bulleromyces albus oraz Bullera crocea. Uzyskane wyniki podkreślają dynamiczny charakter mikrobiomu pszenicy oraz jego wraż­liwość na zmieniające się warunki środowiskowe.

Microbiome of winter wheat grain was characterized based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) regions. The obtained results revealed significant differences in microbiome composition across the study years. In 2020 and 2022, the dominant spe­cies were Blumeria graminicola (40% and 70% of identified sequences), Alternaria infectoria (14% and 4%), and Mycosphaerella tassiana (12% and 8%). In contrast, in 2021, the most frequently detected species were M. tassiana (20%), Sporobolomyces roseus (13%), andB. graminicola (11%). The analysis confirmed the presence of Fusarium species in all study years, with their sequence percentage fluc­tuating significantly – from 0.5% in 2020 to 5.5% in 2021. Four species were identified: F. graminearum, F. poae, F. sporotrichioides and F. culmorum. The proportion of yeast-like fungi in the total number of sequences also varied over the years, accounting for 20% in 2020, rising to 50% in 2021, and decreasing to 12% in 2022. Two taxons were dominant: S. roseus and Vishniacozyma spp., including V. victo­riae. Additionally, other yeast-like fungi were identified, including Filobasidium wieringae, Filobasidium stepposum, Dioszegia hungarica, Aureobasidium pullulans, Holtermaniella wattica, Bulleromyces albus, and Bullera crocea. The results highlight the dynamic nature of the wheat microbiome and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions.

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