Cercospora beticola Sacc. is the most destructive foliar pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in many beet growing regions of the world. This paper summarizes the most important knowledge about the prevention of fungal infections, as well as the mechanisms of sugar beet resistance to infection. The methods of chemical protection of sugar beet against C. beticola and the action of active substances on the physiological processes of the fungus have been described as well. The factors stimulating resistance of C. beticola to fungicides and methods of preventing this phenomenon were indicated. The presented discussion was based on Polish and worldwide literature.

Cercospora beticola Sacc. jest najgroźniejszym patogenem liści buraka cukrowego we wszystkich rejonach uprawy tej rośliny. W niniejszym opracowaniu zebrano najważniejszą wiedzę dotyczącą zapobiegania zakażaniu roślin przez grzyba, a także mechanizmów odporności buraka cukrowego na infekcję. Omówiono metody ochrony chemicznej buraka przed chorobą oraz działania substancji czynnych na procesy fizjologiczne grzyba. Wskazano na czynniki stymulujące odporność C. beticola na fungicydy i metody zapobiegania temu zjawisku. Całość zagadnienia omówiono w oparciu o polską i światową szeroką bazę literaturową.

Albertini C., Gredt M., Leroux P. 1999. Mutations of the β-tubulin gene associated with different phenotypes of benzimidazole resistance in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology 64 (1): 17–31. DOI: 10.1006/pest.1999.2406.

Ali A.A.-M.M. 2012. Rapid detection and quantification of Cercospora beticola in soil using PCR and ELISA assays. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrar-und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät, der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 144 ss.

Anonim. 2013. List of plant pathogenic organism resistant to disease control agents. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee: 13–35.

Anonim. 2014. Cercospora – Negativprognose. http://www.ips-zuckerruebe.de/.

Anonim. 2018. http://archiwum.minrol.gov.pl/Informacje-branzowe/Wyszukiwarka-srodkow-ochrony-roslin.

Balau A.-M., Faretra F. 2010. Molecular method for detection of Cercospora beticola Sacc. Lucrări Ştiinţifice 53 (1) (seria Agronomie): 181–183.

Bargabus R.L., Zidack N.K., Sherwood J.E., Jacobsen B.J. 2003. Oxidative burst elicited by Bacillus mycoides isolate Bac j, a biological control agent, occurs independently of hypersensitive cell death in sugar beet. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 16 (12): 1145–1153. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.12.1145.

Bargabus-Larson R.L., Jacobsen B.J. 2007. Biocontrol elicited systemic resistance in sugarbeet is salicylic acid independent and NPR1 dependent. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 44 (1–2): 17–33.

Battilani P., Giosue S., Racca P., Rossi V. 1996. A decision support system for Cercospora leaf spot management in sugar beet. s. 33–44. Proceedings of the 59th International Institute for Beet Research Congress, Brussels, 15–16 February 1996, 605 ss.

Bolton M.D., Birla K., Rivera-Varas V., Rudolph K.D., Secor G.A. 2012. Characterization of CbCyp51 from field isolates of Cercospora beticola. Phytopathology 102 (3): 298–305. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-07-11-0212.

Bolton M.D., Riviera V., Secor G. 2013. Identification of the G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates from Michigan. Pest Management Science 69 (1): 35–39. DOI: 10.1002/ps.3358.

Borecki Z. 1984. Fungicydy stosowane w ochronie roślin. PWN, Warszawa, 173 ss.

Brent K.J., Hollomon D.W. 2007. Fungicide resistance in crop pathogens: How can it be managed? Fungicide Resistance Action Committee Monograph No. 1: 4.

Briere S.C., Franc G.D., Kerr E.D. 2001. Fungicide sensitivity characteristics of Cercospora beticola isolates recovered for the high plains. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 38: 111–120.

Brillova D., Michalikowa A., Sladka O. 1973. Defensive reactions of the sugarbeet after the infection with Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biologia (Prace) 19: 1–65.

Brillova D., Sladka O. 1976. Some physiological changes in sugar beet after infection by Cercospora beticola Sacc. Acta Instituti Botanici Academiae Scientiarum Slovacae 1: 39–49.

Bugbee W.M. 1995. Cercospora beticola tolerant to triphenyltin hydroxide. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 32 (4): 167–174.

Burenin V.I., Pilipenko O.G. 1987. Anatomical features of the leaf apparatus of sugarbeet in relation to susceptibility to Cercospora. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii 113: 96–101.

Campbell L.G., Smith G.A., Lamey H.A., Cattanach A.W. 1998. Cercospora beticola tolerant to triphenylt hydroxide and resistant to thiophanate methyl in North Dakota and Minnesota. Journal of Sugar Beet Research 35 (1–2): 29–41.

Cioni F., Collina M., Maines G., Khan M.F.R., Secor G.A., Rivera V.V. 2013. A new integrated pest management (IPM) model for Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beets in the Po Valley, Italy. Sugar Tech 16 (1): 92–99. DOI: 10.1007/s12355-013-0260-7.

Colak Tumbek A., Ozeren P., Kaya R., Katircioglu Y.Z., Maden S. 2011. Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations in Turkey to flutriafol, mancozeb, and fentin acetate. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 35: 65–71. DOI: 10.3906/tar-0910-24.

Cools H.J., Mullins J.G.L., Fraaije B.A., Parker J.E., Kelly D.E., Lucas J.A., Kelly S.L. 2011. Impact of recently emerged sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) variants of Mycosphaerella graminicola on azole fungicide sensitivity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (11): 3830–3837. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00027-11.

Davidse L.C. 1986. Benzimidazole fungicides: mechanism of action and biological impact. Annual Review of Phytopathology 24: 43–65. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.000355.

Davidson R.M., Hanson L.E., Franc G.D., Panella L. 2006. Analysis of β-tubulin gene fragments from benzimidazole-sensitive and tolerant Cercospora beticola. Journal of Phytopathology 154 (6): 321–328. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01080.x.

Deising H.B., Reiman S., Pascholati S.F. 2008. Mechanism and significance of fungicide resistance. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 39 (2): 286–295. DOI: 10.1590/S1517-838220080002000017.

Delp C.J., Dekker J. 1985. Fungicide resistance: definitions and use of terms. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Bulletin 15 (3): 333–335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1985.tb00237.x.

Draycott A.P. (red.). 2006. Sugar Beet (World Agriculture Series). Blackwell Pub, Oxford, UK, 474 ss.

Esh A.M.H., El-Kholi M.A., Taghian S. 2011. Antagonistic activities of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from phyllosphere of sugar beet against Cercospora beticola Sacc. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology 2 (1): 99–116.

Feindt F., Mendgen K., Heitefuss R. 1981. Feinstruktur unterschiedlicher Zellwandreaktionen im Blattparenchym anfälliger und resistenter Rüben (Beta vulgaris L.) nach Infektion durch Cercospora beticola Sacc. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 101: 248–264.

Fernandez-Ortuno D., Tores J.A., de Vicente A., Perez-Garcia A. 2008. Mechanism of resistance to QoI fungicides in phytopathogenic fungi. International Microbiology 11 (1): 1–9. DOI: 10.2436/20.1501.01.38.

Fisher N., Meunier B. 2008. Molecular basis of resistance to cytochrome bc1 inhibitor. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Yeast Research 8 (2): 183–192. DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00328.x.

Gado E.A.M. 2007. Management of Cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet plants by some fungicides and plant extracts. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 35 (2): 1–10.

Galletti S., Burzi P.L., Cerato C., Marinello S., Sala E. 2008. Trichoderma as a potential biocontrol agent for Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet. BioControl 53 (6): 917–930. DOI: 10.1007/s10526-007-9113-1.

Gaurilcikiene I., Deveikyte I., Petraitiene E. 2006. Epidemic progress of Cercospora beticola Sacc. in Beta vulgaris L. under different conditions and cultivar resistance. Biologija 4: 54–59.

Georgopulos S.G., Dovas C. 1973. Occurrence of Cercospora beticola strains resistant to benzimidazole fungicides in Northern Greece. Plant Disease Reporter 62: 321–324.

Górski D. 2009. Wpływ zawartości makro- i mikroelementów w liściach buraków cukrowych oraz warunków pogodowych na porażenie roślin przez chwościka buraka (Cercospora beticola Sacc.). [Effect of macro- and micronutrients content in sugar beet leaves and weather conditions on infection by Cercospora beticola Sacc.]. Progress in Plant Protection/Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 49 (3): 1264–1267.

Górski D., Piszczek J. 2008. Wpływ skracania płodozmianu na zdrowotność roślin oraz plon i jakość korzeni buraków cukrowych. [Influence of different crop rotation on plants health, beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii Schmidt population and sugar beet yield and quality]. Progress in Plant Protection / Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 48 (4): 1417–1420.

Henry M.J., Trivellas A.E. 1989. Laboratory-induced fungicide resistance to benzimidazole and azole fungicides in Cercospora beticola. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 35 (1): 89–96. DOI: 10.1016/0048-3575(89)90106-5.

Ioannidis P.M., Karaoglanidis G.S. 2010. Control of Cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew of sugar beet with fungicides and tolerant cultivar. s. 129–140. W: Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beet and Related Species (R.T. Lartey, J.J. Weiland, L. Panella, P.W. Crous, C.E. Windels, red.). The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, 296 ss.

Jones R.K., Windels C.F. 1991. A management model for Cercospora leaf spot of sugarbeets. Minnesota Extension Service AG-FO-5643-E.

Jörg E., Racca P., Mittler S., Petersen J. 2003. Forecasting models for the prediction of Cercospora leaf spot disease (Cercospora beticola) of sugar beet. Zbornik predavanj in referatov 6. Slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin, Zreče 4–6: 199–204.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Bardas G. 2006. Control of benzimidazole- and DMI-resistant strains of Cercospora beticola with strobilurin fungicides. Plant Disease 90 (4): 419–424. DOI: 10.1094/PD-90-0419.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Ioannidis P.M. 2010. Fungicide resistance of Cercospora beticola in Europe. s. 189–211. W: Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beet and Related Species (R.T. Lartey, J.J. Weiland, L. Panella, P.W. Crous, C.E. Windels, red.). The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, 296 ss.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Ioannidis P.M., Thanassoulopoulos C.C. 2000. Reduced sensitivity of Cercospora beticola isolates to steroldemethylation-inhibiting fungicides. Plant Pathology 49 (5): 567–572. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00488.x.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Ioannidis P.M., Thanassoulopoulos C.C. 2002. Changes in sensitivity of Cercospora beticola populations to sterol-demethylation-inhibiting fungicides during a 4-year period in northern Greece. Plant Patholathology 51 (1): 55–62. DOI: 10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.x-i2.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Karadimos D.A., Ioannidis P.M. 2003. Detection of resistance to sterol demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides in Cercospora beticola and efficacy of control of resistant and sensitive strains with flutriafol. Phytoparasitica 31 (4): 373–380.

Karaoglanidis G.S., Thanassoulopoulos C.C. 2003. Cross-resistance patterns among sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides (SBIs) in. European Journal of Plant Pathology 109 (9): 929–934. DOI: 10.1023/B:EJPP.0000003672.36076.8a.

Kempl F. 2018. Control of resistant cercospora leaf spot.
https://www.iirb.org/fileadmin/IIRB/Congresses/76th_IIRB_Congress/Posters_76th_IIRB_Congress/
3.9_Kempl_Poster_76th_IIRB_Congress_2018.pdf [dostęp: 2.11.2018].

Khan M.F.R. 2018. Success and limitations of using fungicides to control cercospora leaf spot on sugar beet. Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal 14 (2): 555909. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2018.14.555909.

Khan J., del Río L.E., Nelson R., Khan M.F.R. 2007. Improving the Cercospora leaf spot management model for sugar beet in Minnesota and North Dakota. Plant Disease 91 (9): 1105–1108. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-91-9-1105.

Kimmel J., Potyondi L. 1999. Seed-bed treatment against Cercospora beticola in Hungary. Proceedings of 62th International Institute for Beet Research Congress, Sevilla, June 1999: 301–309.

Kiniec A., Pieczul K., Świerczyńska I., Piszczek J. 2017. Wykorzystanie analizy RFLP w monitoringu odporności Cercospora beticola na strobiluryny występującej w buraku cukrowym (Beta vulgaris L.). [The use of RFLP analysis in the monitoring of Cercospora beticola strobilurin resistance occurring in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)]. Progress in Plant Protection / Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 57 (4): 300–304. DOI: 10.14199/ppp-2017-046.

Kirk W.W., Hanson L.E., Franc G.D., Stump W.L., Gachango E., Clark G., Stewart J. 2012. First report of strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Michigan and Nebraska, USA. New Disease Reports 26: 3. DOI: 10.5197/j.2044-0588.2012.026.003.

Koch G., Jung C. 2000. Genetic localization of Cercospora resistance genes. Cercospora beticola Sacc. s. 197–210. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Kole Ch. (red.). 2011. Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources Industrial Crops. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 183 ss. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21102-7.

Kovacs A. 1955. Uber die Ursachen der unterschiedlichen Resistenz der Zuckerrubensorten gegen Cercospora beticola Sacc. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 24: 283–298.

Lepesheva G.I., Waterman M.R. 2007. Sterol 14-demethylase cytochrome P450 (Cyp51), a P450 in all biological kingdoms. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta 1770 (3): 467–477. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.018.

Li Y.-G., Li Z., Feng-Ming M. 2011. Response of Cercospora beticola in sugar beet at different cultivars and fertilization level. African Journal of Microbiology Research 5 (32): 5985–5989. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.1331.

Luterbacher M.C., Asher M.J.C., DeAmbrogio E., Biancardi E., Stevenato P., Frese L. 2004. Sources of resistance to diseases of sugar beet in related Beta germplasm: I. Foliar diseases. Euphytica 139 (2): 105–121. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-004-2488-5.

Ma Z., Michailides T.J. 2005. Advances in understanding molecular mechanism of fungicide resistance and molecular detection of resistant genotypes in phytopathogenic fungi. Crop Protection 24 (10): 853–863. DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.011.

Ma Z., Yoshimura M., Michailides T.J. 2003. Identification and characterization of benzimidazole resistance in Monilinia fructicola from stone fruit orchards in California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (12): 7145–7152. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.12.7145-7152.2003.

Meriggi P., Rossi V., Paganini U. 2003. Cercospora leaf spot: integrated control in northern Italy. s. 333–346. 1st joint International Institute for Beet Research – American Society of Sugar Beet Technologist Congress, San Antonio, 26th February–1st March 2003, 956 ss.

Meriggi P., Rosso F., Ioannides P.M., Ayala-Garcia J. 2000. Fungicide treatments against Cercospora leaf spot in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Cercospora beticola. s. 77–102. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Mesbah M., Scholten O.E., de Bock T.S.M., Lange W. 1997. Chromosome localisation of genes for resistance to Heterodera schachtii, Cercospora beticola and Polymyxa betae using sets of Beta procumbens and B. patellaris derived monosomic additions in B. vulgaris. Euphytica 97 (1): 117–127. DOI: 10.1023/A:1003088922086.

Moretti M., Karaoglanidis G., Saracchi M., Fontana A., Farina G. 2006. Analysis of genotypic diversity in Cercospora beticola Sacc. field isolates. Annals of Microbiology 56 (3): 215–221. DOI: 10.1007/BF03175008.

Moretti M., Saracchi M., Farina G. 2004. Morphological, physiological and genetic diversity within a small population of Cercospora beticola Sacc. Annals of Microbiology 54 (2): 129–150.

Moretti M., Saracchi M., Farina G. 2010. Vegetative compatibility groups in Cercospora beticola. s. 55–66. W: Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beet and Related Species” (R.T. Lartey, J.J. Weiland, L. Panella, P.W. Crous, C.E. Windels, red.). The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 296 ss.

Nikou D., Malandrakis A., Konstantakaki M., Vontas J., Markoglou A., Ziogas B. 2009. Molecular characterization and detection of overexpressed C-14alpha-demethylase-based DMI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 95 (1): 18–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.04.014.

Panella L., Lewellen R.T. 2007. Broadening the genetic base of sugar beet: Introgression from wild relatives. Euphytica 154 (3): 383–400. DOI: 10.1007/s10681-006-9209-1.

Pfleiderer U.E., Schäufele W.R. 2000. Development of testing for resistance against Cercospora beticola in sugar beet. s. 147–154. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Pieczul K., Perek A. 2015. Przyczyny odporności izolatów Cercospora beticola (chwościk buraka) na strobiluryny w Wielkopolsce. [The reasons of strobilurin resistance Cercospora beticola (cercospora leaf spot) isolates in Wielkopolska region]. Progress in Plant Protection/Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 55 (1): 45–48. DOI: 10.14199/ppp-2015-008.

Piszczek J. 2003. Odporność niektórych szczepów Cercospora beticola Sacc. na Duett 250 SC stosowany w uprawie buraka cukrowego w Polsce. [Resistance of strains of Cercospora beticola Sacc. to fungicide Duett 250 SC used for sugar beet protection in Poland]. Progress in Plant Protection/Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 43 (1): 869–871.

Piszczek J. 2004. Odporność niektórych szczepów Cercospora beticola Sacc. na fungicydy stosowane w ochronie buraka cukrowego. [Resistance of selected strains of Cercospora beticola Sacc. to fungicides used for sugar beet protection in Poland]. Progress in Plant Protection/Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 44 (2): 1028–1031.

Piszczek J. 2010. Epidemiologia chwościka buraka cukrowego (Cercospora beticola) w centralnej Polsce. Rozprawy Naukowe Instytutu Ochrony Roślin – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego, Zeszyt 23, 70 ss.

Piszczek J., Mrówczyński M. (red). 2012. Metodyka integrowanej ochrony buraka cukrowego i pastewnego dla doradców. Instytut Ochrony Roślin – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Poznań, 123 ss.

Piszczek J., Pieczul K., Kiniec A. 2018. First report of G143A strobilurin resistance in Cercospora beticola in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in Poland. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 125 (1): 99–101. DOI: 10.1007/s41348-017-0119-3.

Pool V.W., McKay M.B. 1916. Relation of stomatal movement to infection by Cercospora beticola. Journal of Agriculture Researches 5 (22): 1011–1038.

Racca P., Jörg E. 2007. CERCBEET 3 – a forecaster for epidemic development of Cercospora beticola. Bulletin of European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 37 (2): 344–349. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01136.x.

Rossi V. 1995. Effect of host resistance in decreasing infection rate of Cercospora leaf spot epidemics on sugarbeet. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 34 (3): 149–156.

Rossi V. 2000. Cercospora leaf spot infection and resistance in sugar beet. s. 17–48. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Rossi V., Battilani P. 1990. Dinamica delle epidemie di Cercospora beticola Sacc. su barbabietola da zucchero. III. Ruolo della suscettibilità varietale. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 29: 114–119.

Rossi V., Battilani P., Chiusa G., Giosuè S., Languasco L., Racca P. 1999. Components of rate-reducing resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in sugar beet: incubation length, infection efficiency, lesion size. Journal of Plant Pathology 81 (1): 25–35.

Rossi V., Meriggi P., Biancardi E., Rosso F. 2000. Effect of Cercospora leaf spot on sugar beet growth, yield and quantity. s. 49–76. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Ruppel E.G. 1972. Variation among isolates of Cercospora beticola from sugar beet. Phytophatolology 62: 134–136.

Sadowski Cz., Lenc L., Korpal W. 2007. Badania nad możliwością ochrony buraka ćwikłowego przed chorobami grzybowymi w uprawie ekologicznej. [Investigations on the possibility of protection of organically grown red beet against fungal diseases]. Journal of Research and Application in Agricultural Engineering 52 (4): 38–44.

Schäfer-Pregl R., Borchardt D.C., Barzen E., Glass C., Mechelke W., Seitzer J.F., Salamini F. 1999. Localization of QTLs for tolerance to Cercospora beticola on sugar beet linkage groups. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99 (5): 829–836. DOI: 10.1007/s001220051302.

Schlösser E. 1969. A review of some mechanisms of resistance of sugar beet to Cercospora beticola. Journal of International Institute for Beet Research 4: 185–191.

Secor G.A., Rivera-Varas V.V., Gudmestad N.C., Weiland J.J. 2010. Sensitivity of Cercospora beticola to foliar fungicides in the Red River Valley of North Dacota and Minesota. s. 213–222. W: Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beet and Related Species (R.T. Lartey, J.J. Weiland, L. Panella, P.W. Crous, C.E. Windels, red.). The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 296 ss.

Sisler H.D. 1988. Fungicidal action and fungal resistance mechanisms. s. 6–8. W: Fungicide Resistance in North America (C.J. Delp, red.). The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, 133 ss.

Smith G.A., Campbell L.G. 1996. Association between resistance to and yield in commercial sugarbeet hybrids. Plant Breeding 115: 28–32.

Smith G.A., Gaskill O. 1970. Inheiritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in sugarbeet. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 16: 172–180.

Smith G.A., Ruppel E.G. 1974. Heritability of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot in sugar beet. Crop Science 14: 113–115.

Solel Z., Minz G. 1971. Infection process of Cercospora beticola in sugar beet in relation to susceptibility. Phytopathology 61: 463–466. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-61-463.

Srobarova A., Brillova D. 1982. Localization of defence substances in the leaves of sugar beet infected by Cercospora beticola. Sbornik UVTIZ, Ochrana Rostlin 18: 115–123.

Steinkamp M.P., Martin S.S., Hoefert L.L., Ruppel E.G. 1979. Ultrastructure of lesions produced by Cercospora beticola in leaves of Beta vulgaris. Physiological Plant Pathology 15 (1): 13–26.

Suwan N., Nuandee N., Akimitsu K., Nalumpang S. 2012. Analysis of β-tubulin gene from carbendazim resistant isolates of Cercospora lactucae-sativae on lettuce in Thailand. Journal of Agricultural Technology 8 (2): 711–723.

Szymczak-Nowak J. 2009. Wpływ biostymulatorów na zdrowotność i plonowanie buraka cukrowego. [Effect of biostimulators on health and yielding of sugar beet]. Progress in Plant Protection/Postępy w Ochronie Roślin 49 (4): 2031–2037.

Trkulja N., Ivanović Ž., Pfaf-Dolovac E., Dolovac N., Mitrović M., Toševski I., Jović J. 2013. Characterisation of benzimidazole resistance of Cercospora beticola in Serbia using PCR-based detection of resistance associated mutations of the β-tubulin gene. European Journal of Plant Pathology 135 (4): 889–902. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-012-0135-x.

Vereijssen J., Schneider J.H.M., Termorshuizen A.A.J. 2005. Root infection of sugar beet by Cercospora beticola in a climate chamber and in the field. European Journal of Plant Pathology 112 (3): 201–210. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-004-4172-y.

Verreet J.A., Wolf P.F.J., Weis F.J. 1996. Bekämpfungsschwellen als Grundlage für eine integrierte Bekämpfung von Cercospora beticola: das IPS Modell Zuckerrübe. s. 55–69. Proceedings of the 59th International Institute for Beet Research Congress, Brussels, 15–16 February 1996, 605 ss.

Weiland J.J., Halloin J.M. 2001. Benzimidazole resistance in Cercospora beticola sampled from sugarbeet fields in Michigan, USA. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 23 (1): 78–82. DOI: 10.1080/07060660109506912.

Weiland J., Koch G. 2004. Sugarbeet leaf spot disease (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) dagger. Molecular Plant Pathology 5 (3): 157–166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00218.x.

Whitney E.D., Lewellen R.T. 1976. Identification and distribution of races C1 and C2 of Cercospora beticola from sugar beet. Phytopathology 66: 1158–1160. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-66-1158.

Whitney E.D., Mann N.F. 1981. Effect of resistance on growth of Cercospora beticola race C2 on the leaf surface and within leaf tissue of sugar beet. Phytopathology 71: 633–638. DOI: 10.1094/Phyto-71-633.

Windels C.E., Lamey H.A., Hilde D., Widner J., Knudsen T. 1998. A Cercospora leaf spot model for sugar beet. In practice by an industry. Plant Disease 82 (7): 716–726.

Wolf P.F.J., Verreet J.A. 2002. An integrated pest management system in Germany for the control of fungal leaf diseases in sugar beet. The IPM sugar beet model. Plant Disease 86 (4): 336–344.

Wolf P.F.J., Verreet J.A., Maier J., Kohler R. 2000. An integrated pest managment (IPM sugar beet model) for thereshold-oriented control of Cercospora beticola on sugar beet, developed under conditions in Southern Germany. s. 103–122. W: Cercospora beticola Sacc. Biology, Agronomic Influence and Control Measures in Sugar Beet (M.J.C. Asher, B. Holtschulte, M.R. Molard, F. Rosso, G. Steinrücken, R. Beckers, red.). Advances in Sugar Beet Reserches, International Institute for Beet Research 2, Brussels, 215 ss.

Wynard R.A., Brown J.K.M. 2005. Sequence variation in the Cyp51 gene of Blumeria graminis associated with resistance to sterol demethylase inhibiting fungicides. Fungal Genetics and Biology 42 (8): 726–735. DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2005.04.007.