Intensification of agriculture causes the impoverishment of landscape and biological diversity. This is related to the deterioration of the ability to provide ecosystem services by farmland habitats. Maintaining a diversified agricultural landscape structure is crucial for sustainable agriculture. However, till now agri-environmental measures (AES) address this need to an insufficient extent. For example, in Poland AES omit establishing of flower strips (FS) – an effective and widespread method of attracting and supporting many species of insects and spiders, which are natural enemies of crop pests. This environmentally friendly farming technique is practically unknown and unutilized practice in Poland, despite its easy application. The article discusses the species composition of plants in flower strips, fundamentals of FS functioning, and their importance as animal habitats, effectiveness in the reduction of harmful insects, the effect of FS on yield, and legal and organizational aspects of FS in Europe.

Intensyfikacja rolnictwa powoduje zmniejszanie się różnorodności krajobrazowej i biologicznej terenów rolniczych. Z tym wiąże się pogorszenie możliwości świadczenia usług ekosystemowych przez elementy krajobrazu rolniczego. Utrzymanie urozmaiconej struktury krajobrazu rolniczego jest kluczowe dla prowadzenia zrównoważonej gospodarki rolnej. Programy rolno-środowiskowe uwzględniają tę potrzebę w stopniu niewystarczającym. Na przykład do tej pory w Polsce programami wsparcia nie jest objęte zakładanie kwietnych pasów (KP) – skuteczna i możliwa do powszechnego zastosowania metoda przywabiania wielu gatunków owadów i pająków – czyli naturalnych wrogów szkodników upraw. Jest to praktyka prawie nieobecna w Polsce pomimo łatwości jej stosowania. W artykule omówiono skład gatunkowy roślin w KP, mechanizmy działania KP i ich znaczenie jako siedlisk zwierząt, efektywność w redukcji owadów szkodliwych, wpływ KP na plon oraz prawno-organizacyjne aspekty zakładania KP w Europie.

flower strips; IPM; biodiversity; agricultural areas; agri-environmental measures; greening CAP; kwietne pasy; IPM; różnorodność biologiczna; tereny rolnicze; programy rolno-środowiskowe; zazielenienie Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej

Abivardi C. 2008. Flower strips as ecological compensation areas for pest management. p. 1489–1494. In: “Encyclopedia of entomology”(J.L. Capinera, ed.). Springer Science + Business Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3847.

Amaral D.S.S.L., Venzon M., dos Santos H.H., Sujii E.R., Schmidt J.M., Harwood J.D. 2016. Non-crop plant communities conserve spider populations in chili pepper agroecosystems. Biological Control 103: 69–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.07.007.

Andow D.A. 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 561–586. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.003021.

Aschwanden J., Birrer S., Jenni L. 2005. Are ecological compensation areas attractive hunting sites for common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and long-eared owls (Asio otus)? Journal of Ornithology 146 (3): 279–286. DOI: 10.1007/s10336-005-0090-9.

Aviron S., Herzog F., Klaus I., Schüpbach B., Jean P. 2011. Effects of wildflower strip quality, quantity, and connectivity on butterfly diversity in a Swiss arable landscape. Restoration Ecology 19 (4): 500–508. DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00649.x.

Aviron S., Jeanneret P., Schüpbach B., Herzog F. 2007. Effects of agri-environmental measures, site and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of Swiss grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122 (3): 295–304. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.035.

Benton T.G., Vickery J.A., Wilson J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18 (4): 182–188. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9.

Bianchi F.J.J.A., Ives A.R., Schellhorn N.A. 2013a. Interactions between conventional and organic farming for biocontrol services across the landscape. Ecological Applications 23 (7): 1531–1543. DOI: 10.1890/12-1819.1.

Bianchi F.J.J.A., Mikos V., Brussard L., Delbaere B., Pulleman M.M. 2013b. Opportunities and limiations for functional agrobiodiversity in the European context. Environmental Science and Technology 27: 223–231. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2012.12.014.

Blaauw B.R., Isaacs R. 2014. Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop. Journal of Applied Ecology 51 (4): 890–898. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12257.

Buner F., Jenny M., Zbinden N., Naef-Daenzer B. 2005. Ecologically enhanced areas – a key habitat structure for re-introduced grey partridges Perdix perdix. Biological Conservation 124 (3): 373–381. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.043.

Campbell A.J., Wilby A., Sutton P., Wäckers F. 2017. Getting more power from your flowers: multi-functional flower strips enhance pollinators and pest control agents in apple orchards. Insects 8 (3): 1–18. DOI: 10.3390/insects8030101.

Capinera J.L. 2008. Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 4346 pp.

Castro-Caro J.C., Barrio I.C., Tortosa F.S. 2015. Effects of hedges and herbaceous cover on passerine communities in Mediterranean olive groves. Acta Ornithologica 50 (2): 180–192. DOI: 10.3161/00016454AO2015.50.2.006.

Coll M., Guershon M. 2002. Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: mixing plant and prey diets. Annual Review of Entomology 47: 267–297. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145209.

Conniff R. 2014. Growing insects: farmers can help to bring back pollinators. YaleEnvironment 360.

Costanzo A., Bárberi P. 2014. Functional agrobiodiversity and agroecosystem services in sustainable wheat production. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34 (2): 327–348. DOI: 10.1007/s13593-013-0178-1.

Dauber J., Hirsch M., Simmering D., Waldhardt R., Otte A., Wolters V. 2003 Landscape structure as an indicator of biodiversity: matrix effects on species richness. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 98 (1–3): 321–329. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00092-6.

Dib H., Libourel G., Warlop F. 2012. Entomological and functional role of floral strips in an organic apple orchard: Hymenopteran parasitoids as a case study. Journal of Insect Conservation 16 (2): 315–318. DOI: 10.1007/s10841-012-9471-6.

Ditner N., Balmer O., Beck J., Blick T., Nagel P., Luka H. 2013. Effects of experimentally planting non-crop flowers into cabbage fields on the abundance and diversity of predators. Biodiversity Conservation 22 (4): 1049–1061. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-013-0469-5.

Dover J.W. 1996. Factors affecting the distribution of satyrid butterflies on arable farmland. Journal of Applied Ecology 33 (4): 723–734.DOI: 10.2307/2404943.

Dyer L.E., Landis D.A. 1996. Effects of habitat, temperature, and sugar availability on longevity of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae). Environmental Entomology 25 (5): 1192–1201. DOI: 10.1093/ee/25.5.1192.

Ekroos J., Olsson O., Rundlöf M., Wätzold F., Smith H.G. 2014. Optimizing agri-environment schemes for biodiversity, ecosystem services or both? Biological Conservation 172: 65–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.02.013.

ELN-FAB 2012. European Learning Network on Functional Agrobiodiversity. Functional agrobiodiversity: Nature serving Europe’s farmers. Tilburg, the Netherlands: ECNC-European Centre for Nature Conservation.

Feber R.E., Smith H., MacDonald D.W. 1996. The effects on butterfly abundance of the management of uncropped edges of arable fields.Journal of Applied Ecology 33 (5): 1191–1205. DOI: 10.2307/2404698.

Feltham H., Park K., Minderman J., Goulson D. 2015. Experimental evidence that wildflower strips increase pollinator visits to crops.Ecology and Evolution 5 (16): 3523–3530. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1444.

Fiedler A.K., Landis D.A. 2007a. Attractiveness of Michigan native plants to arthropod natural enemies and herbivores. Environmental Entomology 36 (4): 751–765. DOI: 10.1093/ee/36.4.751.

Fiedler A.K., Landis D.A. 2007b. Plant characteristics associated with natural enemy abundance at Michigan native plants. Environmental Entomology 36 (4): 878–886. DOI: 10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[878:PCAWNE]2.0.CO;2.

Fischer J., Lindenmayer D.B. 2007. Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16 (3): 256–280. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x.

Frank T., Aeschbacher S., Barone M., Künzle I., Lethmayer C., Mosimann C. 2009. Beneficial arthropods respond differentially to wildflower areas of different age. Annales Zoologici Fennici 46 (6): 465–480. DOI: 10.5735/086.046.0607.

Greenpeace 2014 – przyszłość pszczół – świat bez pestycydów, w stronę rolnictwa ekologicznego, Greenpeace, maj 2014.

GUS 2016. Rocznik statystyczny rolnictwa. W: „Roczniki Branżowe” (D. Rozkrut, red.). Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych, Warszawa,460 ss.

Haaland C., Gyllin M. 2010. Butterflies and bumblebees in greenways and sown wildflower strips in southern Sweden. Journal of Insect Conservation 14 (2): 125–132. DOI: 10.1007/s10841-009-9232-3.

Haaland C., Gyllin M. 2011. Sown wildflower strips – a strategy to enhance biodiversity and amenity in intensively used agricultural areas.p. 155–172. In: “The Importance of Biological Interactions in the Study of Biodiversity” (J. López-Pujol, ed.). IntechOpen, 390 pp.ISBN 978-953-307-751-2. DOI: 10.5772/1831.

Haaland C., Naisbit R.E., Bersier L.-F. 2011. Sown wildflower strips for insect conservation: a review. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4 (1): 60–80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00098.x.

Hallmann C.A., Sorg M., Jongejans E., Siepel H., Hofland N., Schwan H., Müller A., Sumser H., Hörren T., Goulson D., de Kroon H.2017. More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas. PloS One 12 (10). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185809.

Hatt S., Uyttenbroeck R., Lopes T., Mouchon P., Chen J., Piqueray J., Monty A., Francis F. 2017. Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predators in wildflower strips? European Journal of Entomology 114: 66–76. DOI: 10.14411/eje.2017.010.

Hawkins B.A., Cornell H.V., Hochberg M.E. 1997. Predators, parasitoids and pathogens as mortality agents in phytophagous insect populations. Ecology 78 (7): 2145–2152. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[2145:PPAPAM]2.0.CO;2.

Hence T. 2002. Impact of cultivation and crop husbandry practices. p. 231–249. In: “The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles” (J.M. Holland,ed). Intercept, Andover.

Holland J.M. 2002. Carabid beetles: their ecology, Survival and use in agroecosystems. p. 1–40. In: “The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles”(J.M. Holland, ed.). Intercept, Andover.

Holland J.M. 2007. Beneficial insects and spiders of arable farmland. p. 82–91. In: “The Farm Wildlife Handbook” (R. Winspear, ed.).The RSPB, Sandy.

Holy K., Falta V., Kovarikova K. 2016. Influence of flowering strips on the (functional) biodiversity in apple orchard. p. 204–207.17th International Conference on Organic Fruit-Growing. University of Hohenheim/Germany, 297 pp.

Hurej M., Twardowski J., Nowacki J., Sienkiewicz P., Trzciński P., Łykowski W. 2015. Porównanie występowania owadów pożytecznych z rodziny Carabidae i Syrphidae na mieszance kwitnących roślin w dwóch miejscowościach Polski. [The comparison of the occurrence of the beneficial insects from Carabidae and Syrphidae families on a mix of flowering plants at two localities of Poland]. Progress in Plant Protection 55 (1): 30–39. DOI: 10.14199/ppp-2015-006.

Jeanneret P., Schüpbach B., Pfiffner L., Herzog F., Walter T. 2003. The Swiss agri-environmental programme and its effects on selected biodiversity indicators. Journal for Nature Conservation 11 (3): 213–220. DOI: 10.1078/1617-1381-00049.

Jervis M.A., Kidd N.A.C., Fitton M.G., Huddleston T., Dawah H.A. 1993. Flower-visiting by hymenopteran parasitoids. Journal of Natural History 27 (1): 67–105. DOI: 10.1080/00222939300770051.

Krauss J., Gallenberger I., Steffan-Dewenter I. 2011. Decreased functional diversity and biological pest control in conventional compared to organic crop fields. PLoS One 6 (5): e19502. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019502.

Lemke A., Poehling H.M. 2002. Sown weed strips in cereal fields: overwintering site and “source” habitat for Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) and Erigone atra (Blackwall) (Araneae: Erigonidae). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 90 (1): 67– 80. DOI:10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00173-6.

Ma M., Tarmi S., Helenius J. 2002. Revisiting the species-area relationship in a semi-natural habitat: floral richness in agricultural buffer zones in Finland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 89 (1): 137–148. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00325-5.

MacLeod A., Wratten S.D., Sotherton N.W., Thomas M.B. 2004. “Beetle banks” as refuges for beneficial arthropods in farmland: long term changes in predator communities and habitat. Agriculture and Forest Entomology 6 (2): 147–154. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-9563.2004.00215.x.

Matthews A. 2013. Greening agricultural payments in the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy. Bio-based and Applied Economics 2 (1):1–27. DOI: 10.13128/BAE-12179.

Memmott J., Martinez N.D., Cohen J.E. 2000. Predators, parasitoids and pathogens: species richness, trophic generality and body sizes in a natural food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 69 (1): 1–5. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2000.00367.x.

Negri V. 2005. Agro-biodiversity conservation in Europe: ethical issues. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 18 (1): 3–25.DOI: 10.1007/s10806-004-3084-3.

Nicholls C.I., Altieri M.A. 2013. Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33 (2): 257–274. DOI: 10.1007/s13593-012-0092-y.

O’Connor R.J., Shrubb M., Watson D. 1990. Farming and birds. CUP Archive.

Ottens H.J., Kuiper M.W., Flink H., van Ruijven J., Siepel H., Koks B.J., Berendse F., de Snoo G.R. 2014. Do field margins enrich the diet of the Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis on intensive farmland? Ardea 102 (2): 161–174. DOI: 10.5253/arde.v102i2.a6.

Pfiffner L., Luka H. 2000. Overwintering of arthropods in soils of arable fields and adjacent semi-natural habitats. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 78 (3): 215–222. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00130-9.

Pfiffner L., Schärer H.J., Luka H. 2013. Functional biodiversity to improve pest control in organic cropping systems. p. 29–34. Korean organic conference, Suwon, Korea, October 25, 2013.

Pfiffner L., Wyss E. 2004. Use of sown wildflower strips to enhance natural enemies of agricultural pests. p. 165–186. In: “Ecological Engineering for Pest Management: Advances in Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods” (G.M. Gurr, S.D. Wratten, M.A. Altieri, eds.). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, 225 pp. ISBN 0-643-09022-3.

Quinn N.F., Brainard D.C., Szendrei Z. 2017. Floral strips attract beneficial insects but do not enhance yield in cucumber fields. Journal of Economic Entomology 110 (2): 517–524. DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow306.

Rainio J., Niemelä J. 2003. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 (3): 487–506. DOI:10.1023/A:1022412617568.

Ribeiro A.L., Gontijo L.M. 2017. Alyssum flowers promote biological control of collard pests. BioControl 62 (2): 185–196. DOI: 10.1007/s10526-016-9783-7.

Rosenzweig M.L. 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge University Press, New York. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511623387.

Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1307/2013 z dnia 17 grudnia 2013 r. ustanawiające przepisy dotyczące płatności bezpośrednich dla rolników na podstawie systemów wsparcia w ramach wspólnej polityki rolnej oraz uchylające rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 637/2008 i rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 73/2009 (Dz. U. L 347 z 20.12.2013, s. 608).

Ryszkowski L. 1987. Rolnictwo ekologiczne. Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych 324: 15–42.

Ryszkowski L. 1990. Potrzeba badań nad funkcjonowaniem barier biogeocenotycznych i obiegiem wody w krajobrazie rolniczym.p. 5–12. W: „Obieg wody i bariery biogeochemiczne w krajobrazie rolniczym” (L. Ryszkowski, J. Marcinek, A. Kędziora, red.). WydawnictwoUniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań.

Ryszkowski L., Karg J. 1996. Changes in animal community functions due to intensity of farming impact. p.173–184. In: “Dynamics of an Agricultural Landscape” (L. Ryszkowski, N. French, A. Kędziora eds.). PWRiL, Poznań.

Ryszkowski L., Karg J., Kujawa K., Gołdyn H., Arczyńska-Chudy E. 2002. Influence of landscape mosaic structure on diversity of wild plant and animal communities in agricultural landscape of Poland. p. 185–217. In: “Landscape Ecology in Agroecosystems Management”(L. Ryszkowski, ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, Washington D.C.

Sala O.E., Chapin F.S., III, Armesto J.J., Berlow E., Bloomfield J., Dirzo R., Huber-Sanwald E., Huenneke L.F., Jackson R.B., Kinzig A.,Leemans R., Lodge D.M., Mooney H.A., Oesterheld M., LeRoy Poff N., Sykes M.T., Walker B.H., Walker M., Wall D.H. 2000. Globalbiodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287 (5459): 1770–1774. DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5459.1770.

Sanders D., Nickel H., Grützner T., Platner C. 2008. Habitat structure mediates top-down effects of spiders and ants on herbivores. Basic and Applied Ecology 9 (2): 152–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.01.003.

Scherney F. 1955. Untersuchungen über Vorkommen und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung räuberisch lebender Käfer in Feldkulturen (I. Mitt.). Zeitschrift für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz 6 (50): 49–73.

Scherney F. 1959. Unsere Laufkäfer – ihr Biologie und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Neue Brehm – Bücherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, 79 pp.

Scherney F. 1961. Beiträge zur Biologie und ökonomischen Bedeutung räuberisch lebender Käferarten. Zeitchrift für Angewandte Entomologie 48 (1–4): 163–175. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1961.tb03796x.

Schmidt-Entling M.H., Döbeli J. 2009. Sown wildflower areas to enhance spiders in arable fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 133 (1–2): 19–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.015.

Stoate C., Baldi A., Beja P., Boatman N.D., Herzon I., von Doorn A., de Snoo G.R., Rakosy L., Ramwell C. 2009. Ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe – a review. Journal of Environmental Management 91 (1): 22–46. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.07.005.

Stoate C., Boatman N.D., Borralho R.J., Carvalho C.R., de Snoo G.R., Eden P. 2001. Ecological impacts of arable intensification in Europe.Journal of Environmental Management 63 (4): 337–365. DOI: 10.1006/jema.2001.0473.

Sunderland K.E. 2002. Invertebrate pest control by carabids. p. 165–214. In: “The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles” (J.M. Holland, ed.).Intercept, Andover.

Sunderland K., Samu F. 2000. Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, aistribution and pest control. Potential of spiders: a review. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 95 (1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00635.x.

Swift M.J., Vandermeer J., Ramakrishnan P.S., Anderson J.M., Ong C.K., Hawkins B.A. 1996. Biodiversity and agroecosystem functioning: ecosystem analyses. In: “Agroecosystems: Global Diversity Assessment” (V.H. Heywood, R.T. Watson, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tooley J., Brust G.E. 2002. Weed seed predation by carabid beetles. p. 215–230. In: “The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles” (J.M. Holland, ed.). Intercept, Andover.

Tryjanowski P., Kuźniak S., Kujawa K., Jerzak L. 2009. Ekologia ptaków krajobrazu rolniczego. Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe,Poznań, 399 ss.

Tschumi M., Albrecht M., Bärtschi C., Collatz J., Entling M.H., Jacot K. 2016. Perennial, species-rich wildflower strips enhance pest control and crop yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 220: 97–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.001.

Tschumi M., Albrecht M., Entling M.E., Jacot K. 2015. High effectiveness of tailored flower strips in reducing pests and crop plant damage.Proceedings of The Royal Society of London B 288: 20151369. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1369.

Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: their conservation status (No. 3). Smithsonian Institution Pr.

Tuell J.K., Fiedler A.K., Landis D., Isaacs R. 2008. Visitation by wild and managed bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) to ekstern U.S. native plants for use in conservation programs. Environmental Entomology 37 (3): 707–718. DOI: 10.1603/0046-225-X(2008)37[707:VBWAMB]2.0.CO;2.

Uyttenbroeck R., Hatt S., Piqueray J., Paul A., Bodson B., Francis F., Monty A. 2015. Creating perennial flower strips: think functional! Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 6: 95–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.044.

Van Rijn P., van Alebeek F., den Belder E., Wäckers F., Buurma J., Willemse J., Gurp H. 2008. Functional agrobiodiversity in dutch arable farming: results of a three year pilot. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 34: 125–128.

Vickery J.A., Feber R.E., Fuller R.J. 2009. Arable field margins managed for biodiversity conservation: a review of food resource provision for farmland birds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 133 (1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.012.

Waage J.K., Hassell M.P. 1982. Parasitoids as biological control agents – a fundamental approach. Parasitology 84 (4): 241–268. DOI: 10.1017/S003118200005366X.

Wäckers F.L., van Rijn P.C.J., Bruin J. 2005. Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects: a Protective Mutualism and its Applications.Cambridge University Press, UK.

Weibel U.M. 1999. Effects of wildflower strips in an intensively used arable area on skylarks (Alauda arvensis) (Doctoral dissertation).

Westphal C., Vidal S., Horgan F.G., Gurr G.M., Escalada M., Chien H.V., Tscharntke T., Heong K.L., Settele J. 2015. Promoting multiple ecosystem services with flower strips and participatory approaches in rice production landscape. Basic and Applied Ecology 16 (8):681–689. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2015.10.004.

Winkler K., Wäckers F., Bukovinszkine-Kissa G., Lenteren J. 2006. Sugar resources are vital for Diadegma semiclausum fecundity under field conditions. Basic and Applied Ecology 7 (2): 133–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2005.06.001.

Winkler K., Wäckers F.L., Kaufman L.V., Larrz V., van Lenteren J.C. 2009. Nectar exploitation by herbivores and their parasitoids is a function of flower species and relative humidity. Biological Control 50 (3): 299–306. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.04.009.

Żmihorski M. 2014. Wyniki monitoringu ornitologicznego w 2013 roku. Zakres prac zrealizowanych w 2013 roku oraz wstępne wyniki monitoringu efektów programu rolnośrodowiskowego w zakresie ornitofauny. Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy, Falenty.